SECURE AND RESILIENT OPERATION OF HYBRID PV-WIND-STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR MODULAR E-FUEL PRODUCTION UNDER DISTURBANCES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol3.180Keywords:
deterministic optimization, hybrid PV-wind-storage system, modular e-fuel production, resilient operationAbstract
Secure and resilient operation is a critical requirement for modular Power-to-Liquid e-fuel plants supplied by intermittent renewable energy. This paper investigates a modular e-fuel production architecture powered by a hybrid photovoltaic-wind-battery system and evaluates its response to short-duration renewable disturbances. A deterministic operational model is formulated for renewable generation, battery buffering, electrolyzer dispatch, hydrogen production, and aggregate fuel synthesis. To improve engineering realism, the framework incorporates electrolyzer ramp-rate constraints and a degradation-aware operating index. The optimization objective is to sustain fuel continuity while limiting curtailment, electrolyzer power variance, and dynamic stress. Beyond the main stressed-case comparison, the study includes sensitivity analysis of the PV/Wind ratio and storage capacity, together with Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis under stochastic renewable fluctuations. Relative to the no-buffer baseline, the optimized dispatch increases daily fuel output by 11.6%, reduces electrolyzer power variance by 66.3%, and improves the disturbance-window resilience score by 36.2%. The results show that secure operation of modular PtL plants emerges from coordinated design of renewable mix, storage, and supervisory control rather than from renewable-following logic alone.
Supporting Agencies
This scientific report is funded by the Ministry of Education and Science in implementation of the Scientific Program „Security and Defence“, adopted by Decree No. 731 of 21.10.2021 and pursuant to Agreement No. D01-74/19.05.2022.Downloads
References
[1] A. Savachkin, W.Ardila-Rueda, D. Romero-Rodriguez, K. Hua, J.N.D.L. Cruz, Assessment and Optimization of System Resilience: A Critical Review. In: Borowik, G., Chmaj, G., Waszkowski, R. (eds) Models and Methods for Systems Engineering. Studies in Big Data, 2025, vol 165. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76440-0_20.
[2] INERATEC, “ERA ONE – e-Fuels made in Germany,” 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ineratec.de/en/era-one-e-fuels-made-germany. [Accessed April 17, 2026].
[3] INERATEC, “INERATEC opens ERA ONE: Europe’s largest e-Fuel production plant goes into operation in Frankfurt,” Jun. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ineratec.de/en/news/ineratec-opens-era-one-europes-largest-e-fuel-production-plant-goes-operation-frankfurt. [Accessed April 17, 2026].
[4] IEA (2025), Global Hydrogen Review 2025, IEA, Paris, [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2025, [Accessed April 17, 2026].
[5] H. Sayed-Ahmed, A. I. Toldy, and A. Santasalo-Aarnio, “Dynamic operation of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers—Critical”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 189, Part A, 2024, 113883, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113883.
[6] V. A. Martinez Lopez, H. Ziar, J. W. Haverkort, M. Zeman, and O. Isabella, “Dynamic operation of water electrolyzers: A review for applications in photovoltaic systems integration”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113407.
[7] J. Gu et al., “Experimental studies on dynamic performance of 250-kW alkaline electrolytic system”, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 592, 2024, 233920, ISSN 0378-7753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233920.
[8] H. Y. Jung, Y. S. Jun, K.-Y. Lee, H. S. Park, S. K. Cho, and J. H. Jang, “Effect of Ramping Rate on the Durability of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis During Dynamic Operation Using Triangular Voltage Cycling”, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology, vol. 15, no. 2. The Korean Electrochemical Society - English Journal, pp. 253–260, 31-May-2024.
[9] Giedraityte A, Rimkevicius S, Marciukaitis M, Radziukynas V, Bakas R. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems—A Review of Optimization Approaches and Future Challenges. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(4):1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041744.
[10] Schmidt, P., Batteiger, V., Roth, A., Weindorf, W. and Raksha, T. (2018), Power-to-Liquids as Renewable Fuel Option for Aviation: A Review. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 90: 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201700129
[11] C. Huang et al., “The complementary role of E-fuel in decarbonizing transportation and stabilizing the power grid”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 224, 2025, 116033, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116033.
[12] V. Dieterich, A. Buttler, A. Hanel, H. Spliethoff and S. Fendt. “Power-to-liquid via synthesis of methanol, DME or Fischer–Tropsch-fuels: a review.”, Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13, 3207-3252, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE01187H.
[13] A. A. Kebede, T. Kalogiannis, J. Van Mierlo, M. Berecibar, “A comprehensive review of stationary energy storage devices for large scale renewable energy sources grid integration”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 159, 2022, 112213, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112213.
[14] P. Gabrielli, M. Gazzani, E. Martelli, and M. Mazzotti, “Optimal design of multi-energy systems with seasonal storage”, Applied Energy, Volume 219, 2018, Pages 408-424, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.142.
[15] Schmiegel, Armin U., Energy Storage Systems: System Design and Storage Technologies (Oxford, 2023; online edn, Oxford Academic, 22 June 2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858009.001.0001, [Accessed 17 April, 2026].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Iliyan Hutov, Petia Nedyalkova, Hristo Hristov
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
